Μέτρα ασυμμετρίας
Κώστας Κούδας
2025-08-25
1 Συντελεστής ασυμμετρίας του Pearson
Στην ενότητα αυτή θα μελετήσουμε το μέσο ημερήσιο κόστος μιας υγιεινούς διατροφής σε κάθε χώρα το 2021 και το μέσο ετήσιο κόστος για φαγητό σε κάθε χώρα το ίδιο έτος.
Προς τούτο θα χρησιμοποιήσουμε δεδομένα από το Our World in Data, τα οποία έχουμε αποθηκεύσει σε δύο αρχεία, τα costHealthyDiet.csv και foodExpenditureYear.csv, αφού πρώτα διαγράψουμε τις μεταβλητές των προηγούμενων κεφαλαίων.
| Entity | Code | Year | Cost.of.a.healthy.diet |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | ALB | 2017 | 3.952000 |
| Albania | ALB | 2018 | 4.069000 |
| Albania | ALB | 2019 | 4.262000 |
| Albania | ALB | 2020 | 4.280000 |
| Albania | ALB | 2021 | 4.388000 |
| Algeria | DZA | 2017 | 3.763000 |
| Algeria | DZA | 2018 | 3.822000 |
| Algeria | DZA | 2019 | 3.796000 |
| Algeria | DZA | 2020 | 3.760000 |
| Algeria | DZA | 2021 | 4.043000 |
| Angola | AGO | 2017 | 4.327000 |
| Angola | AGO | 2018 | 4.293000 |
| Angola | AGO | 2019 | 4.352000 |
| Angola | AGO | 2020 | 4.585000 |
| Angola | AGO | 2021 | 5.031000 |
| Anguilla | AIA | 2017 | 3.717000 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | ATG | 2017 | 4.112000 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | ATG | 2018 | 4.302000 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | ATG | 2019 | 4.391000 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | ATG | 2020 | 4.504000 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | ATG | 2021 | 4.684000 |
| Argentina | ARG | 2017 | 3.341000 |
| Armenia | ARM | 2017 | 3.096000 |
| Armenia | ARM | 2018 | 3.166000 |
| Armenia | ARM | 2019 | 3.237000 |
| Armenia | ARM | 2020 | 3.247000 |
| Armenia | ARM | 2021 | 3.527000 |
| Aruba | ABW | 2017 | 3.418000 |
| Aruba | ABW | 2018 | 3.620000 |
| Aruba | ABW | 2019 | 3.907000 |
| Aruba | ABW | 2020 | 4.007000 |
| Aruba | ABW | 2021 | 4.116000 |
| Australia | AUS | 2017 | 2.259000 |
| Australia | AUS | 2018 | 2.283000 |
| Australia | AUS | 2019 | 2.296000 |
| Australia | AUS | 2020 | 2.389000 |
| Australia | AUS | 2021 | 2.437000 |
| Austria | AUT | 2017 | 2.772000 |
| Austria | AUT | 2018 | 2.848000 |
| Austria | AUT | 2019 | 2.915000 |
| Austria | AUT | 2020 | 3.004000 |
| Austria | AUT | 2021 | 3.027000 |
| Azerbaijan | AZE | 2017 | 2.348000 |
| Azerbaijan | AZE | 2018 | 2.399000 |
| Azerbaijan | AZE | 2019 | 2.459000 |
| Azerbaijan | AZE | 2020 | 2.533000 |
| Azerbaijan | AZE | 2021 | 2.690000 |
| Bahamas | BHS | 2017 | 4.276000 |
| Bahamas | BHS | 2018 | 4.387000 |
| Bahamas | BHS | 2019 | 4.364000 |
| Bahamas | BHS | 2020 | 4.488000 |
| Bahamas | BHS | 2021 | 4.661000 |
| Bahrain | BHR | 2017 | 3.379000 |
| Bahrain | BHR | 2018 | 3.463000 |
| Bahrain | BHR | 2019 | 3.573000 |
| Bahrain | BHR | 2020 | 3.835000 |
| Bahrain | BHR | 2021 | 4.036000 |
| Bangladesh | BGD | 2017 | 2.882000 |
| Bangladesh | BGD | 2018 | 2.971000 |
| Bangladesh | BGD | 2019 | 3.024000 |
| Bangladesh | BGD | 2020 | 3.064000 |
| Bangladesh | BGD | 2021 | 3.201000 |
| Belarus | BLR | 2017 | 3.177000 |
| Belarus | BLR | 2018 | 3.228000 |
| Belarus | BLR | 2019 | 3.310000 |
| Belarus | BLR | 2020 | 3.310000 |
| Belarus | BLR | 2021 | 3.471000 |
| Belgium | BEL | 2017 | 2.862000 |
| Belgium | BEL | 2018 | 2.962000 |
| Belgium | BEL | 2019 | 3.047000 |
| Belgium | BEL | 2020 | 3.159000 |
| Belgium | BEL | 2021 | 3.125000 |
| Belize | BLZ | 2017 | 2.476000 |
| Belize | BLZ | 2018 | 2.517000 |
| Belize | BLZ | 2019 | 2.574000 |
| Belize | BLZ | 2020 | 2.632000 |
| Belize | BLZ | 2021 | 2.797000 |
| Benin | BEN | 2017 | 3.550000 |
| Benin | BEN | 2018 | 3.670000 |
| Benin | BEN | 2019 | 3.664000 |
| Benin | BEN | 2020 | 3.707000 |
| Benin | BEN | 2021 | 4.041000 |
| Bermuda | BMU | 2017 | 4.072000 |
| Bermuda | BMU | 2018 | 3.789000 |
| Bermuda | BMU | 2019 | 3.834000 |
| Bermuda | BMU | 2020 | 3.718000 |
| Bermuda | BMU | 2021 | 3.395000 |
| Bhutan | BTN | 2017 | 4.383000 |
| Bhutan | BTN | 2018 | 4.587000 |
| Bhutan | BTN | 2019 | 4.712000 |
| Bhutan | BTN | 2020 | 5.020000 |
| Bhutan | BTN | 2021 | 5.339000 |
| Bolivia | BOL | 2017 | 3.551000 |
| Bolivia | BOL | 2018 | 3.648000 |
| Bolivia | BOL | 2019 | 3.769000 |
| Bolivia | BOL | 2020 | 3.755000 |
| Bolivia | BOL | 2021 | 3.927000 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | BIH | 2017 | 3.847000 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | BIH | 2018 | 3.907000 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | BIH | 2019 | 4.043000 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | BIH | 2020 | 3.961000 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | BIH | 2021 | 4.105000 |
| Botswana | BWA | 2017 | 3.622000 |
| Botswana | BWA | 2018 | 3.575000 |
| Botswana | BWA | 2019 | 3.591000 |
| Botswana | BWA | 2020 | 3.701000 |
| Botswana | BWA | 2021 | 3.829000 |
| Brazil | BRA | 2017 | 2.809000 |
| Brazil | BRA | 2018 | 2.800000 |
| Brazil | BRA | 2019 | 2.882000 |
| Brazil | BRA | 2020 | 3.084000 |
| Brazil | BRA | 2021 | 3.350000 |
| British Virgin Islands | VGB | 2017 | 3.235000 |
| British Virgin Islands | VGB | 2018 | 3.087000 |
| British Virgin Islands | VGB | 2019 | 3.281000 |
| British Virgin Islands | VGB | 2020 | 3.220000 |
| British Virgin Islands | VGB | 2021 | 3.425000 |
| Brunei | BRN | 2017 | 4.126000 |
| Brunei | BRN | 2018 | 4.263000 |
| Brunei | BRN | 2019 | 4.327000 |
| Brunei | BRN | 2020 | 4.405000 |
| Brunei | BRN | 2021 | 4.641000 |
| Bulgaria | BGR | 2017 | 3.780000 |
| Bulgaria | BGR | 2018 | 3.876000 |
| Bulgaria | BGR | 2019 | 4.036000 |
| Bulgaria | BGR | 2020 | 4.129000 |
| Bulgaria | BGR | 2021 | 4.151000 |
| Burkina Faso | BFA | 2017 | 3.173000 |
| Burkina Faso | BFA | 2018 | 3.296000 |
| Burkina Faso | BFA | 2019 | 3.240000 |
| Burkina Faso | BFA | 2020 | 3.345000 |
| Burkina Faso | BFA | 2021 | 3.611000 |
| Burundi | BDI | 2017 | 2.988000 |
| Burundi | BDI | 2018 | 2.804000 |
| Burundi | BDI | 2019 | 2.783000 |
| Burundi | BDI | 2020 | 2.943000 |
| Burundi | BDI | 2021 | 3.138000 |
| Cambodia | KHM | 2017 | 3.618000 |
| Cambodia | KHM | 2018 | 3.706000 |
| Cambodia | KHM | 2019 | 3.778000 |
| Cambodia | KHM | 2020 | 3.888000 |
| Cambodia | KHM | 2021 | 4.064000 |
| Cameroon | CMR | 2017 | 2.616000 |
| Cameroon | CMR | 2018 | 2.684000 |
| Cameroon | CMR | 2019 | 2.744000 |
| Cameroon | CMR | 2020 | 2.808000 |
| Cameroon | CMR | 2021 | 2.997000 |
| Canada | CAN | 2017 | 2.863000 |
| Canada | CAN | 2018 | 2.911000 |
| Canada | CAN | 2019 | 2.927000 |
| Canada | CAN | 2020 | 3.017000 |
| Canada | CAN | 2021 | 3.065000 |
| Cape Verde | CPV | 2017 | 3.358000 |
| Cape Verde | CPV | 2018 | 3.413000 |
| Cape Verde | CPV | 2019 | 3.484000 |
| Cape Verde | CPV | 2020 | 3.563000 |
| Cape Verde | CPV | 2021 | 3.683000 |
| Cayman Islands | CYM | 2017 | 2.928000 |
| Cayman Islands | CYM | 2018 | 2.866000 |
| Cayman Islands | CYM | 2019 | 2.701000 |
| Cayman Islands | CYM | 2020 | 2.910000 |
| Cayman Islands | CYM | 2021 | 3.050000 |
| Central African Republic | CAF | 2017 | 3.423000 |
| Central African Republic | CAF | 2018 | 3.507000 |
| Central African Republic | CAF | 2019 | 3.570000 |
| Central African Republic | CAF | 2020 | 3.615000 |
| Central African Republic | CAF | 2021 | 3.784000 |
| Chad | TCD | 2017 | 2.831000 |
| Chad | TCD | 2018 | 2.735000 |
| Chad | TCD | 2019 | 2.666000 |
| Chad | TCD | 2020 | 2.827000 |
| Chad | TCD | 2021 | 2.941000 |
| Chile | CHL | 2017 | 3.053000 |
| Chile | CHL | 2018 | 3.180000 |
| Chile | CHL | 2019 | 3.276000 |
| Chile | CHL | 2020 | 3.349000 |
| Chile | CHL | 2021 | 3.387000 |
| China | CHN | 2017 | 2.571000 |
| China | CHN | 2018 | 2.630000 |
| China | CHN | 2019 | 2.792000 |
| China | CHN | 2020 | 2.983000 |
| China | CHN | 2021 | 2.960000 |
| Colombia | COL | 2017 | 2.863000 |
| Colombia | COL | 2018 | 2.893000 |
| Colombia | COL | 2019 | 2.932000 |
| Colombia | COL | 2020 | 3.080000 |
| Colombia | COL | 2021 | 3.301000 |
| Congo | COG | 2017 | 3.343000 |
| Congo | COG | 2018 | 3.385000 |
| Congo | COG | 2019 | 3.365000 |
| Congo | COG | 2020 | 3.421000 |
| Congo | COG | 2021 | 3.626000 |
| Costa Rica | CRI | 2017 | 3.961000 |
| Costa Rica | CRI | 2018 | 4.000000 |
| Costa Rica | CRI | 2019 | 4.048000 |
| Costa Rica | CRI | 2020 | 3.889000 |
| Costa Rica | CRI | 2021 | 3.925000 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | CIV | 2017 | 3.273000 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | CIV | 2018 | 3.357000 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | CIV | 2019 | 3.506000 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | CIV | 2020 | 3.610000 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | CIV | 2021 | 3.909000 |
| Croatia | HRV | 2017 | 4.168000 |
| Croatia | HRV | 2018 | 4.220000 |
| Croatia | HRV | 2019 | 4.273000 |
| Croatia | HRV | 2020 | 4.301000 |
| Croatia | HRV | 2021 | 4.290000 |
| Curacao | CUW | 2017 | 2.866000 |
| Curacao | CUW | 2018 | 2.988000 |
| Curacao | CUW | 2019 | 3.144000 |
| Curacao | CUW | 2020 | 3.236000 |
| Curacao | CUW | 2021 | 3.495000 |
| Cyprus | CYP | 2017 | 2.846000 |
| Cyprus | CYP | 2018 | 2.880000 |
| Cyprus | CYP | 2019 | 2.947000 |
| Cyprus | CYP | 2020 | 2.991000 |
| Cyprus | CYP | 2021 | 2.955000 |
| Czechia | CZE | 2017 | 2.899000 |
| Czechia | CZE | 2018 | 2.921000 |
| Czechia | CZE | 2019 | 3.025000 |
| Czechia | CZE | 2020 | 3.003000 |
| Czechia | CZE | 2021 | 2.985000 |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | COD | 2017 | 2.921000 |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | COD | 2018 | 2.580000 |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | COD | 2019 | 2.393000 |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | COD | 2020 | 2.242000 |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | COD | 2021 | 2.253000 |
| Denmark | DNK | 2017 | 2.376000 |
| Denmark | DNK | 2018 | 2.440000 |
| Denmark | DNK | 2019 | 2.491000 |
| Denmark | DNK | 2020 | 2.508000 |
| Denmark | DNK | 2021 | 2.500000 |
| Djibouti | DJI | 2017 | 2.797000 |
| Djibouti | DJI | 2018 | 2.866000 |
| Djibouti | DJI | 2019 | 2.985000 |
| Djibouti | DJI | 2020 | 3.112000 |
| Djibouti | DJI | 2021 | 3.250000 |
| Dominica | DMA | 2017 | 4.000000 |
| Dominica | DMA | 2018 | 4.146000 |
| Dominica | DMA | 2019 | 4.236000 |
| Dominica | DMA | 2020 | 4.345000 |
| Dominica | DMA | 2021 | 4.561000 |
| Dominican Republic | DOM | 2017 | 3.521000 |
| Dominican Republic | DOM | 2018 | 3.608000 |
| Dominican Republic | DOM | 2019 | 3.744000 |
| Dominican Republic | DOM | 2020 | 3.884000 |
| Dominican Republic | DOM | 2021 | 4.128000 |
| East Asia & Pacific (WB) | 2017 | 3.700000 | |
| East Asia & Pacific (WB) | 2018 | 3.779000 | |
| East Asia & Pacific (WB) | 2019 | 3.870000 | |
| East Asia & Pacific (WB) | 2020 | 4.024000 | |
| East Asia & Pacific (WB) | 2021 | 4.210000 | |
| Ecuador | ECU | 2017 | 2.788000 |
| Ecuador | ECU | 2018 | 2.816000 |
| Ecuador | ECU | 2019 | 2.861000 |
| Ecuador | ECU | 2020 | 2.928000 |
| Ecuador | ECU | 2021 | 3.035000 |
| Egypt | EGY | 2017 | 3.457000 |
| Egypt | EGY | 2018 | 3.507000 |
| Egypt | EGY | 2019 | 3.503000 |
| Egypt | EGY | 2020 | 3.369000 |
| Egypt | EGY | 2021 | 3.506000 |
| Equatorial Guinea | GNQ | 2017 | 3.526000 |
| Equatorial Guinea | GNQ | 2018 | 3.599000 |
| Equatorial Guinea | GNQ | 2019 | 3.635000 |
| Equatorial Guinea | GNQ | 2020 | 3.676000 |
| Equatorial Guinea | GNQ | 2021 | 3.751000 |
| Estonia | EST | 2017 | 3.125000 |
| Estonia | EST | 2018 | 3.188000 |
| Estonia | EST | 2019 | 3.284000 |
| Estonia | EST | 2020 | 3.350000 |
| Estonia | EST | 2021 | 3.290000 |
| Eswatini | SWZ | 2017 | 3.428000 |
| Eswatini | SWZ | 2018 | 3.349000 |
| Eswatini | SWZ | 2019 | 3.395000 |
| Eswatini | SWZ | 2020 | 3.406000 |
| Eswatini | SWZ | 2021 | 3.537000 |
| Ethiopia | ETH | 2017 | 3.108000 |
| Ethiopia | ETH | 2018 | 3.147000 |
| Ethiopia | ETH | 2019 | 3.290000 |
| Ethiopia | ETH | 2020 | 3.407000 |
| Ethiopia | ETH | 2021 | 3.706000 |
| Europe & Central Asia (WB) | 2017 | 2.954000 | |
| Europe & Central Asia (WB) | 2018 | 3.017000 | |
| Europe & Central Asia (WB) | 2019 | 3.120000 | |
| Europe & Central Asia (WB) | 2020 | 3.147000 | |
| Europe & Central Asia (WB) | 2021 | 3.195000 | |
| Fiji | FJI | 2017 | 3.612000 |
| Fiji | FJI | 2018 | 3.677000 |
| Fiji | FJI | 2019 | 3.858000 |
| Fiji | FJI | 2020 | 3.914000 |
| Fiji | FJI | 2021 | 4.358000 |
| Finland | FIN | 2017 | 2.545000 |
| Finland | FIN | 2018 | 2.624000 |
| Finland | FIN | 2019 | 2.704000 |
| Finland | FIN | 2020 | 2.732000 |
| Finland | FIN | 2021 | 2.716000 |
| France | FRA | 2017 | 2.936000 |
| France | FRA | 2018 | 3.019000 |
| France | FRA | 2019 | 3.177000 |
| France | FRA | 2020 | 3.238000 |
| France | FRA | 2021 | 3.254000 |
| Gabon | GAB | 2017 | 3.358000 |
| Gabon | GAB | 2018 | 3.403000 |
| Gabon | GAB | 2019 | 3.485000 |
| Gabon | GAB | 2020 | 3.553000 |
| Gabon | GAB | 2021 | 3.704000 |
| Gambia | GMB | 2017 | 2.942000 |
| Gambia | GMB | 2018 | 3.008000 |
| Gambia | GMB | 2019 | 3.054000 |
| Gambia | GMB | 2020 | 3.110000 |
| Gambia | GMB | 2021 | 3.324000 |
| Germany | DEU | 2017 | 2.786000 |
| Germany | DEU | 2018 | 2.917000 |
| Germany | DEU | 2019 | 2.984000 |
| Germany | DEU | 2020 | 3.038000 |
| Germany | DEU | 2021 | 3.082000 |
| Ghana | GHA | 2017 | 3.767000 |
| Ghana | GHA | 2018 | 3.860000 |
| Ghana | GHA | 2019 | 3.942000 |
| Ghana | GHA | 2020 | 4.036000 |
| Ghana | GHA | 2021 | 4.237000 |
| Greece | GRC | 2017 | 3.037000 |
| Greece | GRC | 2018 | 3.102000 |
| Greece | GRC | 2019 | 3.167000 |
| Greece | GRC | 2020 | 3.140000 |
| Greece | GRC | 2021 | 3.174000 |
| Grenada | GRD | 2017 | 5.382000 |
| Grenada | GRD | 2018 | 5.536000 |
| Grenada | GRD | 2019 | 5.625000 |
| Grenada | GRD | 2020 | 5.796000 |
| Grenada | GRD | 2021 | 6.097000 |
| Guinea | GIN | 2017 | 3.655000 |
| Guinea | GIN | 2018 | 3.863000 |
| Guinea | GIN | 2019 | 4.001000 |
| Guinea | GIN | 2020 | 4.127000 |
| Guinea | GIN | 2021 | 4.443000 |
| Guinea-Bissau | GNB | 2017 | 3.164000 |
| Guinea-Bissau | GNB | 2018 | 3.254000 |
| Guinea-Bissau | GNB | 2019 | 3.335000 |
| Guinea-Bissau | GNB | 2020 | 3.434000 |
| Guinea-Bissau | GNB | 2021 | 3.694000 |
| Guyana | GUY | 2017 | 4.629000 |
| Guyana | GUY | 2018 | 4.742000 |
| Guyana | GUY | 2019 | 4.828000 |
| Guyana | GUY | 2020 | 4.887000 |
| Guyana | GUY | 2021 | 5.117000 |
| Haiti | HTI | 2017 | 3.930000 |
| Haiti | HTI | 2018 | 4.075000 |
| Haiti | HTI | 2019 | 4.275000 |
| Haiti | HTI | 2020 | 4.490000 |
| Haiti | HTI | 2021 | 4.814000 |
| High-income countries | 2017 | 3.152000 | |
| High-income countries | 2018 | 3.210000 | |
| High-income countries | 2019 | 3.294000 | |
| High-income countries | 2020 | 3.363000 | |
| High-income countries | 2021 | 3.432000 | |
| Honduras | HND | 2017 | 3.360000 |
| Honduras | HND | 2018 | 3.415000 |
| Honduras | HND | 2019 | 3.404000 |
| Honduras | HND | 2020 | 3.486000 |
| Honduras | HND | 2021 | 3.595000 |
| Hong Kong | HKG | 2017 | 3.659000 |
| Hong Kong | HKG | 2018 | 3.819000 |
| Hong Kong | HKG | 2019 | 4.147000 |
| Hong Kong | HKG | 2020 | 4.513000 |
| Hong Kong | HKG | 2021 | 4.718000 |
| Hungary | HUN | 2017 | 3.302000 |
| Hungary | HUN | 2018 | 3.383000 |
| Hungary | HUN | 2019 | 3.490000 |
| Hungary | HUN | 2020 | 3.507000 |
| Hungary | HUN | 2021 | 3.418000 |
| Iceland | ISL | 2017 | 2.213000 |
| Iceland | ISL | 2018 | 2.247000 |
| Iceland | ISL | 2019 | 2.314000 |
| Iceland | ISL | 2020 | 2.420000 |
| Iceland | ISL | 2021 | 2.416000 |
| India | IND | 2017 | 2.824000 |
| India | IND | 2018 | 2.830000 |
| India | IND | 2019 | 2.877000 |
| India | IND | 2020 | 2.970000 |
| India | IND | 2021 | 3.066000 |
| Indonesia | IDN | 2017 | 4.129000 |
| Indonesia | IDN | 2018 | 4.273000 |
| Indonesia | IDN | 2019 | 4.268000 |
| Indonesia | IDN | 2020 | 4.466000 |
| Indonesia | IDN | 2021 | 4.729000 |
| Iran | IRN | 2017 | 3.005000 |
| Iran | IRN | 2018 | 3.212000 |
| Iran | IRN | 2019 | 3.642000 |
| Iran | IRN | 2020 | 3.605000 |
| Iran | IRN | 2021 | 4.167000 |
| Iraq | IRQ | 2017 | 3.378000 |
| Iraq | IRQ | 2018 | 3.464000 |
| Iraq | IRQ | 2019 | 3.534000 |
| Iraq | IRQ | 2020 | 3.540000 |
| Iraq | IRQ | 2021 | 3.665000 |
| Ireland | IRL | 2017 | 2.397000 |
| Ireland | IRL | 2018 | 2.341000 |
| Ireland | IRL | 2019 | 2.340000 |
| Ireland | IRL | 2020 | 2.204000 |
| Ireland | IRL | 2021 | 2.150000 |
| Israel | ISR | 2017 | 2.436000 |
| Israel | ISR | 2018 | 2.500000 |
| Israel | ISR | 2019 | 2.482000 |
| Israel | ISR | 2020 | 2.473000 |
| Israel | ISR | 2021 | 2.524000 |
| Italy | ITA | 2017 | 2.885000 |
| Italy | ITA | 2018 | 2.979000 |
| Italy | ITA | 2019 | 3.121000 |
| Italy | ITA | 2020 | 3.154000 |
| Italy | ITA | 2021 | 3.168000 |
| Jamaica | JAM | 2017 | 5.975000 |
| Jamaica | JAM | 2018 | 6.141000 |
| Jamaica | JAM | 2019 | 6.398000 |
| Jamaica | JAM | 2020 | 6.681000 |
| Jamaica | JAM | 2021 | 7.033000 |
| Japan | JPN | 2017 | 5.529000 |
| Japan | JPN | 2018 | 5.701000 |
| Japan | JPN | 2019 | 5.565000 |
| Japan | JPN | 2020 | 5.647000 |
| Japan | JPN | 2021 | 5.638000 |
| Jordan | JOR | 2017 | 3.412000 |
| Jordan | JOR | 2018 | 3.454000 |
| Jordan | JOR | 2019 | 3.500000 |
| Jordan | JOR | 2020 | 3.614000 |
| Jordan | JOR | 2021 | 3.737000 |
| Kazakhstan | KAZ | 2017 | 2.391000 |
| Kazakhstan | KAZ | 2018 | 2.426000 |
| Kazakhstan | KAZ | 2019 | 2.537000 |
| Kazakhstan | KAZ | 2020 | 2.657000 |
| Kazakhstan | KAZ | 2021 | 2.852000 |
| Kenya | KEN | 2017 | 2.846000 |
| Kenya | KEN | 2018 | 2.823000 |
| Kenya | KEN | 2019 | 2.907000 |
| Kenya | KEN | 2020 | 2.968000 |
| Kenya | KEN | 2021 | 3.189000 |
| Kuwait | KWT | 2017 | 3.344000 |
| Kuwait | KWT | 2018 | 3.407000 |
| Kuwait | KWT | 2019 | 3.468000 |
| Kuwait | KWT | 2020 | 3.606000 |
| Kuwait | KWT | 2021 | 3.997000 |
| Kyrgyzstan | KGZ | 2017 | 2.970000 |
| Kyrgyzstan | KGZ | 2018 | 2.931000 |
| Kyrgyzstan | KGZ | 2019 | 2.991000 |
| Kyrgyzstan | KGZ | 2020 | 3.180000 |
| Kyrgyzstan | KGZ | 2021 | 3.510000 |
| Laos | LAO | 2017 | 3.776000 |
| Laos | LAO | 2018 | 3.838000 |
| Laos | LAO | 2019 | 3.959000 |
| Laos | LAO | 2020 | 4.141000 |
| Laos | LAO | 2021 | 4.305000 |
| Latin America & Caribbean (WB) | 2017 | 3.619000 | |
| Latin America & Caribbean (WB) | 2018 | 3.693000 | |
| Latin America & Caribbean (WB) | 2019 | 3.775000 | |
| Latin America & Caribbean (WB) | 2020 | 3.876000 | |
| Latin America & Caribbean (WB) | 2021 | 4.081000 | |
| Latvia | LVA | 2017 | 3.124000 |
| Latvia | LVA | 2018 | 3.130000 |
| Latvia | LVA | 2019 | 3.245000 |
| Latvia | LVA | 2020 | 3.269000 |
| Latvia | LVA | 2021 | 3.254000 |
| Lesotho | LSO | 2017 | 3.770000 |
| Lesotho | LSO | 2018 | 3.878000 |
| Lesotho | LSO | 2019 | 4.010000 |
| Lesotho | LSO | 2020 | 4.266000 |
| Lesotho | LSO | 2021 | 4.618000 |
| Liberia | LBR | 2017 | 4.018000 |
| Liberia | LBR | 2018 | 4.031607 |
| Liberia | LBR | 2019 | 3.852000 |
| Liberia | LBR | 2020 | 3.907000 |
| Liberia | LBR | 2021 | 4.447000 |
| Lithuania | LTU | 2017 | 3.003000 |
| Lithuania | LTU | 2018 | 3.042000 |
| Lithuania | LTU | 2019 | 3.148000 |
| Lithuania | LTU | 2020 | 3.132000 |
| Lithuania | LTU | 2021 | 3.108000 |
| Low-income countries | 2017 | 3.084000 | |
| Low-income countries | 2018 | 3.110000 | |
| Low-income countries | 2019 | 3.138000 | |
| Low-income countries | 2020 | 3.217000 | |
| Low-income countries | 2021 | 3.369000 | |
| Lower-middle-income countries | 2017 | 3.397000 | |
| Lower-middle-income countries | 2018 | 3.478000 | |
| Lower-middle-income countries | 2019 | 3.549000 | |
| Lower-middle-income countries | 2020 | 3.652000 | |
| Lower-middle-income countries | 2021 | 3.879000 | |
| Luxembourg | LUX | 2017 | 2.492000 |
| Luxembourg | LUX | 2018 | 2.627000 |
| Luxembourg | LUX | 2019 | 2.619000 |
| Luxembourg | LUX | 2020 | 2.576000 |
| Luxembourg | LUX | 2021 | 2.590000 |
| Madagascar | MDG | 2017 | 2.987000 |
| Madagascar | MDG | 2018 | 3.122000 |
| Madagascar | MDG | 2019 | 3.154000 |
| Madagascar | MDG | 2020 | 3.181000 |
| Madagascar | MDG | 2021 | 3.382000 |
| Malawi | MWI | 2017 | 2.724000 |
| Malawi | MWI | 2018 | 2.809000 |
| Malawi | MWI | 2019 | 2.989000 |
| Malawi | MWI | 2020 | 3.149000 |
| Malawi | MWI | 2021 | 3.365000 |
| Malaysia | MYS | 2017 | 3.224000 |
| Malaysia | MYS | 2018 | 3.319000 |
| Malaysia | MYS | 2019 | 3.412000 |
| Malaysia | MYS | 2020 | 3.538000 |
| Malaysia | MYS | 2021 | 3.679000 |
| Maldives | MDV | 2017 | 3.581000 |
| Maldives | MDV | 2018 | 3.634000 |
| Maldives | MDV | 2019 | 3.662000 |
| Maldives | MDV | 2020 | 3.861000 |
| Maldives | MDV | 2021 | 4.095000 |
| Mali | MLI | 2017 | 2.900000 |
| Mali | MLI | 2018 | 3.035000 |
| Mali | MLI | 2019 | 2.960000 |
| Mali | MLI | 2020 | 3.053000 |
| Mali | MLI | 2021 | 3.230000 |
| Malta | MLT | 2017 | 3.494000 |
| Malta | MLT | 2018 | 3.645000 |
| Malta | MLT | 2019 | 3.866000 |
| Malta | MLT | 2020 | 3.824000 |
| Malta | MLT | 2021 | 3.917000 |
| Mauritania | MRT | 2017 | 3.451000 |
| Mauritania | MRT | 2018 | 3.574000 |
| Mauritania | MRT | 2019 | 3.654100 |
| Mauritania | MRT | 2020 | 3.692100 |
| Mauritania | MRT | 2021 | 3.948000 |
| Mauritius | MUS | 2017 | 3.313000 |
| Mauritius | MUS | 2018 | 3.396000 |
| Mauritius | MUS | 2019 | 3.439000 |
| Mauritius | MUS | 2020 | 3.604000 |
| Mauritius | MUS | 2021 | 3.785000 |
| Mexico | MEX | 2017 | 2.993000 |
| Mexico | MEX | 2018 | 3.071000 |
| Mexico | MEX | 2019 | 3.039000 |
| Mexico | MEX | 2020 | 3.074000 |
| Mexico | MEX | 2021 | 3.205000 |
| Middle East & North Africa (WB) | 2017 | 3.140000 | |
| Middle East & North Africa (WB) | 2018 | 3.224000 | |
| Middle East & North Africa (WB) | 2019 | 3.319000 | |
| Middle East & North Africa (WB) | 2020 | 3.376000 | |
| Middle East & North Africa (WB) | 2021 | 3.554000 | |
| Moldova | MDA | 2017 | 2.460000 |
| Moldova | MDA | 2018 | 2.571000 |
| Moldova | MDA | 2019 | 2.687000 |
| Moldova | MDA | 2020 | 2.814000 |
| Moldova | MDA | 2021 | 2.998000 |
| Mongolia | MNG | 2017 | 4.544000 |
| Mongolia | MNG | 2018 | 4.666000 |
| Mongolia | MNG | 2019 | 4.900000 |
| Mongolia | MNG | 2020 | 5.115000 |
| Mongolia | MNG | 2021 | 5.676000 |
| Montenegro | MNE | 2017 | 3.397000 |
| Montenegro | MNE | 2018 | 3.428000 |
| Montenegro | MNE | 2019 | 3.644000 |
| Montenegro | MNE | 2020 | 3.511000 |
| Montenegro | MNE | 2021 | 3.673000 |
| Montserrat | MSR | 2017 | 4.883000 |
| Morocco | MAR | 2017 | 2.710000 |
| Morocco | MAR | 2018 | 2.752000 |
| Morocco | MAR | 2019 | 2.759000 |
| Morocco | MAR | 2020 | 2.797000 |
| Morocco | MAR | 2021 | 2.905000 |
| Mozambique | MOZ | 2017 | 3.031000 |
| Mozambique | MOZ | 2018 | 2.988000 |
| Mozambique | MOZ | 2019 | 3.057000 |
| Mozambique | MOZ | 2020 | 3.228000 |
| Mozambique | MOZ | 2021 | 3.548000 |
| Myanmar | MMR | 2017 | 3.706000 |
| Myanmar | MMR | 2018 | 3.786000 |
| Myanmar | MMR | 2019 | 3.861000 |
| Myanmar | MMR | 2020 | 3.925000 |
| Myanmar | MMR | 2021 | 4.206000 |
| Namibia | NAM | 2017 | 3.255000 |
| Namibia | NAM | 2018 | 3.300000 |
| Namibia | NAM | 2019 | 3.378000 |
| Namibia | NAM | 2020 | 3.520000 |
| Namibia | NAM | 2021 | 3.761000 |
| Nepal | NPL | 2017 | 4.127000 |
| Nepal | NPL | 2018 | 4.184000 |
| Nepal | NPL | 2019 | 4.262000 |
| Nepal | NPL | 2020 | 4.403000 |
| Nepal | NPL | 2021 | 4.621000 |
| Netherlands | NLD | 2017 | 2.743000 |
| Netherlands | NLD | 2018 | 2.821000 |
| Netherlands | NLD | 2019 | 2.932000 |
| Netherlands | NLD | 2020 | 3.000000 |
| Netherlands | NLD | 2021 | 2.963000 |
| New Zealand | NZL | 2017 | 2.671000 |
| New Zealand | NZL | 2018 | 2.589000 |
| New Zealand | NZL | 2019 | 2.722000 |
| New Zealand | NZL | 2020 | 2.817000 |
| New Zealand | NZL | 2021 | 2.797000 |
| Nicaragua | NIC | 2017 | 3.191000 |
| Nicaragua | NIC | 2018 | 3.245000 |
| Nicaragua | NIC | 2019 | 3.279000 |
| Nicaragua | NIC | 2020 | 3.335000 |
| Nicaragua | NIC | 2021 | 3.540000 |
| Niger | NER | 2017 | 2.850000 |
| Niger | NER | 2018 | 2.812000 |
| Niger | NER | 2019 | 2.792000 |
| Niger | NER | 2020 | 2.902000 |
| Niger | NER | 2021 | 3.155000 |
| Nigeria | NGA | 2017 | 3.565000 |
| Nigeria | NGA | 2018 | 3.724000 |
| Nigeria | NGA | 2019 | 3.870000 |
| Nigeria | NGA | 2020 | 4.016000 |
| Nigeria | NGA | 2021 | 4.325000 |
| North America (WB) | 2017 | 3.386000 | |
| North America (WB) | 2018 | 3.313000 | |
| North America (WB) | 2019 | 3.343000 | |
| North America (WB) | 2020 | 3.373000 | |
| North America (WB) | 2021 | 3.320000 | |
| North Macedonia | MKD | 2017 | 3.318000 |
| North Macedonia | MKD | 2018 | 3.324000 |
| North Macedonia | MKD | 2019 | 3.464000 |
| North Macedonia | MKD | 2020 | 3.427000 |
| North Macedonia | MKD | 2021 | 3.616000 |
| Norway | NOR | 2017 | 3.325000 |
| Norway | NOR | 2018 | 3.432000 |
| Norway | NOR | 2019 | 3.479000 |
| Norway | NOR | 2020 | 3.488000 |
| Norway | NOR | 2021 | 3.361000 |
| Oman | OMN | 2017 | 2.815000 |
| Oman | OMN | 2018 | 2.838000 |
| Oman | OMN | 2019 | 2.921000 |
| Oman | OMN | 2020 | 3.021000 |
| Oman | OMN | 2021 | 3.141000 |
| Pakistan | PAK | 2017 | 3.408000 |
| Pakistan | PAK | 2018 | 3.395000 |
| Pakistan | PAK | 2019 | 3.460000 |
| Pakistan | PAK | 2020 | 3.685000 |
| Pakistan | PAK | 2021 | 3.893000 |
| Palestine | PSE | 2017 | 3.342000 |
| Palestine | PSE | 2018 | 3.398000 |
| Palestine | PSE | 2019 | 3.493000 |
| Palestine | PSE | 2020 | 3.356000 |
| Palestine | PSE | 2021 | 3.285000 |
| Panama | PAN | 2017 | 4.225000 |
| Panama | PAN | 2018 | 4.268000 |
| Panama | PAN | 2019 | 4.382000 |
| Panama | PAN | 2020 | 4.476000 |
| Panama | PAN | 2021 | 4.687000 |
| Paraguay | PRY | 2017 | 3.430000 |
| Paraguay | PRY | 2018 | 3.511000 |
| Paraguay | PRY | 2019 | 3.519000 |
| Paraguay | PRY | 2020 | 3.543000 |
| Paraguay | PRY | 2021 | 3.867000 |
| Peru | PER | 2017 | 3.084000 |
| Peru | PER | 2018 | 3.062000 |
| Peru | PER | 2019 | 3.098000 |
| Peru | PER | 2020 | 3.133000 |
| Peru | PER | 2021 | 3.334000 |
| Philippines | PHL | 2017 | 3.843000 |
| Philippines | PHL | 2018 | 3.995000 |
| Philippines | PHL | 2019 | 4.054000 |
| Philippines | PHL | 2020 | 4.118000 |
| Philippines | PHL | 2021 | 4.364000 |
| Poland | POL | 2017 | 2.909000 |
| Poland | POL | 2018 | 2.986000 |
| Poland | POL | 2019 | 3.162000 |
| Poland | POL | 2020 | 3.210000 |
| Poland | POL | 2021 | 3.155000 |
| Portugal | PRT | 2017 | 2.513000 |
| Portugal | PRT | 2018 | 2.596000 |
| Portugal | PRT | 2019 | 2.673000 |
| Portugal | PRT | 2020 | 2.642000 |
| Portugal | PRT | 2021 | 2.651000 |
| Qatar | QAT | 2017 | 2.375000 |
| Qatar | QAT | 2018 | 2.426000 |
| Qatar | QAT | 2019 | 2.484000 |
| Qatar | QAT | 2020 | 2.577000 |
| Qatar | QAT | 2021 | 2.708000 |
| Romania | ROU | 2017 | 2.921000 |
| Romania | ROU | 2018 | 2.970000 |
| Romania | ROU | 2019 | 3.133000 |
| Romania | ROU | 2020 | 3.207000 |
| Romania | ROU | 2021 | 3.253000 |
| Russia | RUS | 2017 | 3.149000 |
| Russia | RUS | 2018 | 3.197000 |
| Russia | RUS | 2019 | 3.264000 |
| Russia | RUS | 2020 | 3.420000 |
| Russia | RUS | 2021 | 3.678000 |
| Rwanda | RWA | 2017 | 2.609000 |
| Rwanda | RWA | 2018 | 2.483000 |
| Rwanda | RWA | 2019 | 2.537000 |
| Rwanda | RWA | 2020 | 2.698000 |
| Rwanda | RWA | 2021 | 2.718000 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | KNA | 2017 | 2.998000 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | KNA | 2018 | 3.179000 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | KNA | 2019 | 3.310000 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | KNA | 2020 | 3.405000 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | KNA | 2021 | 3.526000 |
| Saint Lucia | LCA | 2017 | 3.263000 |
| Saint Lucia | LCA | 2018 | 3.400000 |
| Saint Lucia | LCA | 2019 | 3.517000 |
| Saint Lucia | LCA | 2020 | 3.595000 |
| Saint Lucia | LCA | 2021 | 3.673000 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | VCT | 2017 | 4.131000 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | VCT | 2018 | 4.232000 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | VCT | 2019 | 4.293000 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | VCT | 2020 | 4.454000 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | VCT | 2021 | 4.697000 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | STP | 2017 | 3.288000 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | STP | 2018 | 3.394000 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | STP | 2019 | 3.503000 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | STP | 2020 | 3.634000 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | STP | 2021 | 3.869000 |
| Saudi Arabia | SAU | 2017 | 3.441000 |
| Saudi Arabia | SAU | 2018 | 3.663000 |
| Saudi Arabia | SAU | 2019 | 3.888000 |
| Saudi Arabia | SAU | 2020 | 4.148000 |
| Saudi Arabia | SAU | 2021 | 4.441000 |
| Senegal | SEN | 2017 | 2.190000 |
| Senegal | SEN | 2018 | 2.250000 |
| Senegal | SEN | 2019 | 2.278000 |
| Senegal | SEN | 2020 | 2.330000 |
| Senegal | SEN | 2021 | 2.443000 |
| Serbia | SRB | 2017 | 4.070000 |
| Serbia | SRB | 2018 | 4.166000 |
| Serbia | SRB | 2019 | 4.334000 |
| Serbia | SRB | 2020 | 4.268000 |
| Serbia | SRB | 2021 | 4.346000 |
| Seychelles | SYC | 2017 | 4.010000 |
| Seychelles | SYC | 2018 | 3.959000 |
| Seychelles | SYC | 2019 | 3.948000 |
| Seychelles | SYC | 2020 | 3.784000 |
| Seychelles | SYC | 2021 | 4.131000 |
| Sierra Leone | SLE | 2017 | 2.842000 |
| Sierra Leone | SLE | 2018 | 2.952000 |
| Sierra Leone | SLE | 2019 | 2.847000 |
| Sierra Leone | SLE | 2020 | 2.893000 |
| Sierra Leone | SLE | 2021 | 3.167000 |
| Singapore | SGP | 2017 | 2.775000 |
| Singapore | SGP | 2018 | 2.867000 |
| Singapore | SGP | 2019 | 2.936000 |
| Singapore | SGP | 2020 | 3.064000 |
| Singapore | SGP | 2021 | 3.186000 |
| Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | SXM | 2017 | 4.462000 |
| Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | SXM | 2018 | 4.713000 |
| Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | SXM | 2019 | 4.835000 |
| Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | SXM | 2020 | 5.094000 |
| Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | SXM | 2021 | 5.273000 |
| Slovakia | SVK | 2017 | 3.013000 |
| Slovakia | SVK | 2018 | 3.102000 |
| Slovakia | SVK | 2019 | 3.242000 |
| Slovakia | SVK | 2020 | 3.211000 |
| Slovakia | SVK | 2021 | 3.198000 |
| Slovenia | SVN | 2017 | 2.798000 |
| Slovenia | SVN | 2018 | 2.902000 |
| Slovenia | SVN | 2019 | 3.023000 |
| Slovenia | SVN | 2020 | 3.095000 |
| Slovenia | SVN | 2021 | 3.038000 |
| South Africa | ZAF | 2017 | 4.102000 |
| South Africa | ZAF | 2018 | 4.147000 |
| South Africa | ZAF | 2019 | 4.199000 |
| South Africa | ZAF | 2020 | 4.299000 |
| South Africa | ZAF | 2021 | 4.565000 |
| South Asia (WB) | 2017 | 3.558000 | |
| South Asia (WB) | 2018 | 3.615000 | |
| South Asia (WB) | 2019 | 3.666000 | |
| South Asia (WB) | 2020 | 3.847000 | |
| South Asia (WB) | 2021 | 4.069000 | |
| South Korea | KOR | 2017 | 4.712000 |
| South Korea | KOR | 2018 | 4.900000 |
| South Korea | KOR | 2019 | 4.831000 |
| South Korea | KOR | 2020 | 5.111000 |
| South Korea | KOR | 2021 | 5.340000 |
| Spain | ESP | 2017 | 2.699000 |
| Spain | ESP | 2018 | 2.741000 |
| Spain | ESP | 2019 | 2.845000 |
| Spain | ESP | 2020 | 2.841000 |
| Spain | ESP | 2021 | 2.879000 |
| Sri Lanka | LKA | 2017 | 3.702000 |
| Sri Lanka | LKA | 2018 | 3.705000 |
| Sri Lanka | LKA | 2019 | 3.667000 |
| Sri Lanka | LKA | 2020 | 3.923000 |
| Sri Lanka | LKA | 2021 | 4.268000 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (WB) | 2017 | 3.219000 | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (WB) | 2018 | 3.270000 | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (WB) | 2019 | 3.306000 | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (WB) | 2020 | 3.389000 | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (WB) | 2021 | 3.578000 | |
| Sudan | SDN | 2017 | 3.674000 |
| Sudan | SDN | 2018 | 3.921000 |
| Sudan | SDN | 2019 | 4.306000 |
| Sudan | SDN | 2020 | 4.308000 |
| Sudan | SDN | 2021 | 3.081000 |
| Suriname | SUR | 2017 | 4.969000 |
| Suriname | SUR | 2018 | 5.311000 |
| Suriname | SUR | 2019 | 5.337000 |
| Suriname | SUR | 2020 | 5.739000 |
| Suriname | SUR | 2021 | 6.090000 |
| Sweden | SWE | 2017 | 3.086000 |
| Sweden | SWE | 2018 | 3.164000 |
| Sweden | SWE | 2019 | 3.274000 |
| Sweden | SWE | 2020 | 3.309000 |
| Sweden | SWE | 2021 | 3.279000 |
| Switzerland | CHE | 2017 | 2.523000 |
| Switzerland | CHE | 2018 | 2.591000 |
| Switzerland | CHE | 2019 | 2.654000 |
| Switzerland | CHE | 2020 | 2.639000 |
| Switzerland | CHE | 2021 | 2.619000 |
| Taiwan | TWN | 2017 | 3.990000 |
| Tajikistan | TJK | 2017 | 3.027000 |
| Tajikistan | TJK | 2018 | 3.030000 |
| Tajikistan | TJK | 2019 | 3.194000 |
| Tajikistan | TJK | 2020 | 3.468000 |
| Tajikistan | TJK | 2021 | 3.610000 |
| Tanzania | TZA | 2017 | 2.598000 |
| Tanzania | TZA | 2018 | 2.648000 |
| Tanzania | TZA | 2019 | 2.681000 |
| Tanzania | TZA | 2020 | 2.736000 |
| Tanzania | TZA | 2021 | 2.866000 |
| Thailand | THA | 2017 | 3.971000 |
| Thailand | THA | 2018 | 4.042000 |
| Thailand | THA | 2019 | 4.181000 |
| Thailand | THA | 2020 | 4.321000 |
| Thailand | THA | 2021 | 4.463000 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | TTO | 2017 | 3.928000 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | TTO | 2018 | 4.028000 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | TTO | 2019 | 4.083000 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | TTO | 2020 | 4.224000 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | TTO | 2021 | 4.524000 |
| Tunisia | TUN | 2017 | 3.476000 |
| Tunisia | TUN | 2018 | 3.559000 |
| Tunisia | TUN | 2019 | 3.628000 |
| Tunisia | TUN | 2020 | 3.639000 |
| Tunisia | TUN | 2021 | 3.833000 |
| Turkey | TUR | 2017 | 2.873000 |
| Turkey | TUR | 2018 | 2.997000 |
| Turkey | TUR | 2019 | 3.189000 |
| Turkey | TUR | 2020 | 2.997000 |
| Turkey | TUR | 2021 | 3.109000 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | TCA | 2017 | 2.809000 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | TCA | 2018 | 2.893000 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | TCA | 2019 | 2.974000 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | TCA | 2020 | 3.075000 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | TCA | 2021 | 3.229000 |
| Uganda | UGA | 2017 | 2.749000 |
| Uganda | UGA | 2018 | 2.712000 |
| Uganda | UGA | 2019 | 2.679000 |
| Uganda | UGA | 2020 | 2.671000 |
| Uganda | UGA | 2021 | 2.774000 |
| United Arab Emirates | ARE | 2017 | 2.755000 |
| United Arab Emirates | ARE | 2018 | 2.835000 |
| United Arab Emirates | ARE | 2019 | 2.902000 |
| United Arab Emirates | ARE | 2020 | 3.111000 |
| United Arab Emirates | ARE | 2021 | 3.269000 |
| United Kingdom | GBR | 2017 | 1.822000 |
| United Kingdom | GBR | 2018 | 1.873000 |
| United Kingdom | GBR | 2019 | 1.937000 |
| United Kingdom | GBR | 2020 | 1.911000 |
| United Kingdom | GBR | 2021 | 1.950000 |
| United States | USA | 2017 | 3.225000 |
| United States | USA | 2018 | 3.240000 |
| United States | USA | 2019 | 3.268000 |
| United States | USA | 2020 | 3.383000 |
| United States | USA | 2021 | 3.500000 |
| Upper-middle-income countries | 2017 | 3.498000 | |
| Upper-middle-income countries | 2018 | 3.555000 | |
| Upper-middle-income countries | 2019 | 3.648000 | |
| Upper-middle-income countries | 2020 | 3.721000 | |
| Upper-middle-income countries | 2021 | 3.912000 | |
| Uruguay | URY | 2017 | 3.073000 |
| Uruguay | URY | 2018 | 3.170000 |
| Uruguay | URY | 2019 | 3.254000 |
| Uruguay | URY | 2020 | 3.414000 |
| Uruguay | URY | 2021 | 3.543000 |
| Vietnam | VNM | 2017 | 3.586000 |
| Vietnam | VNM | 2018 | 3.663000 |
| Vietnam | VNM | 2019 | 3.776000 |
| Vietnam | VNM | 2020 | 4.072000 |
| Vietnam | VNM | 2021 | 4.216000 |
| World | OWID_WRL | 2017 | 3.295000 |
| World | OWID_WRL | 2018 | 3.355000 |
| World | OWID_WRL | 2019 | 3.431000 |
| World | OWID_WRL | 2020 | 3.511000 |
| World | OWID_WRL | 2021 | 3.662000 |
| Zambia | ZMB | 2017 | 3.085000 |
| Zambia | ZMB | 2018 | 3.150000 |
| Zambia | ZMB | 2019 | 3.245000 |
| Zambia | ZMB | 2020 | 3.300000 |
| Zambia | ZMB | 2021 | 3.616000 |
| Zimbabwe | ZWE | 2017 | 2.199685 |
| Entity | Code | Year | Total.food.expenditure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | DZA | 2017 | 651.200000 |
| Algeria | DZA | 2018 | 645.600000 |
| Algeria | DZA | 2019 | 556.079500 |
| Algeria | DZA | 2020 | 520.058900 |
| Algeria | DZA | 2021 | 614.000800 |
| Angola | AGO | 2017 | 1144.600000 |
| Angola | AGO | 2018 | 893.600000 |
| Angola | AGO | 2019 | 451.051900 |
| Angola | AGO | 2020 | 513.129640 |
| Angola | AGO | 2021 | 657.612900 |
| Argentina | ARG | 2017 | 2715.900000 |
| Argentina | ARG | 2018 | 2139.800000 |
| Argentina | ARG | 2019 | 859.241000 |
| Argentina | ARG | 2020 | 1090.921400 |
| Argentina | ARG | 2021 | 1494.692500 |
| Australia | AUS | 2017 | 3016.000000 |
| Australia | AUS | 2018 | 3003.600000 |
| Australia | AUS | 2019 | 2546.844700 |
| Australia | AUS | 2020 | 2722.475600 |
| Australia | AUS | 2021 | 3239.442400 |
| Austria | AUT | 2017 | 2434.600000 |
| Austria | AUT | 2018 | 2618.200000 |
| Austria | AUT | 2019 | 2291.102000 |
| Austria | AUT | 2020 | 2085.374000 |
| Austria | AUT | 2021 | 2987.647000 |
| Azerbaijan | AZE | 2017 | 943.700000 |
| Azerbaijan | AZE | 2018 | 989.600000 |
| Azerbaijan | AZE | 2019 | 1093.240100 |
| Azerbaijan | AZE | 2020 | 1055.446400 |
| Azerbaijan | AZE | 2021 | 1223.545200 |
| Bahrain | BHR | 2017 | 1576.300000 |
| Bahrain | BHR | 2018 | 1674.100000 |
| Bahrain | BHR | 2019 | 1230.584500 |
| Bahrain | BHR | 2020 | 1140.042500 |
| Bahrain | BHR | 2021 | 1239.188400 |
| Bangladesh | BGD | 2017 | 546.700000 |
| Bangladesh | BGD | 2018 | 611.900000 |
| Bangladesh | BGD | 2019 | 649.295350 |
| Bangladesh | BGD | 2020 | 723.730900 |
| Bangladesh | BGD | 2021 | 791.201230 |
| Belarus | BLR | 2017 | 1025.400000 |
| Belarus | BLR | 2018 | 1090.400000 |
| Belarus | BLR | 2019 | 923.087160 |
| Belarus | BLR | 2020 | 1014.710700 |
| Belarus | BLR | 2021 | 1179.262500 |
| Belgium | BEL | 2017 | 2834.200000 |
| Belgium | BEL | 2018 | 3034.700000 |
| Belgium | BEL | 2019 | 2694.369400 |
| Belgium | BEL | 2020 | 2454.297900 |
| Belgium | BEL | 2021 | 3260.380900 |
| Bolivia | BOL | 2017 | 667.500000 |
| Bolivia | BOL | 2018 | 696.300000 |
| Bolivia | BOL | 2019 | 649.128700 |
| Bolivia | BOL | 2020 | 602.911130 |
| Bolivia | BOL | 2021 | 659.965300 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | BIH | 2017 | 1282.700000 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | BIH | 2018 | 1403.800000 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | BIH | 2019 | 1227.274700 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | BIH | 2020 | 1205.550200 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | BIH | 2021 | 1421.529900 |
| Brazil | BRA | 2017 | 954.600000 |
| Brazil | BRA | 2018 | 866.300000 |
| Brazil | BRA | 2019 | 599.636600 |
| Brazil | BRA | 2020 | 655.794860 |
| Brazil | BRA | 2021 | 722.072100 |
| Bulgaria | BGR | 2017 | 1008.800000 |
| Bulgaria | BGR | 2018 | 1172.100000 |
| Bulgaria | BGR | 2019 | 1038.902000 |
| Bulgaria | BGR | 2020 | 1123.282700 |
| Bulgaria | BGR | 2021 | 1338.845800 |
| Cambodia | KHM | 2017 | 468.900000 |
| Cambodia | KHM | 2018 | 500.200000 |
| Cambodia | KHM | 2019 | 495.767700 |
| Cambodia | KHM | 2020 | 457.171780 |
| Cambodia | KHM | 2021 | 546.450300 |
| Cameroon | CMR | 2017 | 453.200000 |
| Cameroon | CMR | 2018 | 501.300000 |
| Cameroon | CMR | 2019 | 469.006770 |
| Cameroon | CMR | 2020 | 456.219670 |
| Cameroon | CMR | 2021 | 540.960800 |
| Canada | CAN | 2017 | 2291.300000 |
| Canada | CAN | 2018 | 2350.900000 |
| Canada | CAN | 2019 | 2098.342000 |
| Canada | CAN | 2020 | 2294.055200 |
| Canada | CAN | 2021 | 2766.510500 |
| Chile | CHL | 2017 | 1521.100000 |
| Chile | CHL | 2018 | 1613.500000 |
| Chile | CHL | 2019 | 1275.606100 |
| Chile | CHL | 2020 | 1230.268300 |
| Chile | CHL | 2021 | 1806.712400 |
| China | CHN | 2017 | 737.000000 |
| China | CHN | 2018 | 814.500000 |
| China | CHN | 2019 | 743.215450 |
| China | CHN | 2020 | 882.552600 |
| China | CHN | 2021 | 933.802200 |
| Colombia | COL | 2017 | 827.400000 |
| Colombia | COL | 2018 | 869.200000 |
| Colombia | COL | 2019 | 561.549870 |
| Colombia | COL | 2020 | 555.183960 |
| Colombia | COL | 2021 | 806.691600 |
| Costa Rica | CRI | 2017 | 2109.100000 |
| Costa Rica | CRI | 2018 | 2143.000000 |
| Costa Rica | CRI | 2019 | 2220.019500 |
| Costa Rica | CRI | 2020 | 2211.117000 |
| Costa Rica | CRI | 2021 | 2656.432600 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | CIV | 2017 | 424.200000 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | CIV | 2018 | 452.900000 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | CIV | 2019 | 598.856570 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | CIV | 2020 | 592.971100 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | CIV | 2021 | 673.489600 |
| Croatia | HRV | 2017 | 2290.400000 |
| Croatia | HRV | 2018 | 2564.700000 |
| Croatia | HRV | 2019 | 1699.269200 |
| Croatia | HRV | 2020 | 1762.252100 |
| Croatia | HRV | 2021 | 2256.284000 |
| Czechia | CZE | 2017 | 1610.700000 |
| Czechia | CZE | 2018 | 1835.800000 |
| Czechia | CZE | 2019 | 1568.246200 |
| Czechia | CZE | 2020 | 1630.189500 |
| Czechia | CZE | 2021 | 1947.299200 |
| Denmark | DNK | 2017 | 3004.200000 |
| Denmark | DNK | 2018 | 3220.000000 |
| Denmark | DNK | 2019 | 2806.445600 |
| Denmark | DNK | 2020 | 3019.407500 |
| Denmark | DNK | 2021 | 3727.229000 |
| Dominican Republic | DOM | 2017 | 1450.700000 |
| Dominican Republic | DOM | 2018 | 1508.700000 |
| Dominican Republic | DOM | 2019 | 1416.301000 |
| Dominican Republic | DOM | 2020 | 1438.488400 |
| Dominican Republic | DOM | 2021 | 1674.045500 |
| Ecuador | ECU | 2017 | 995.200000 |
| Ecuador | ECU | 2018 | 1015.600000 |
| Ecuador | ECU | 2019 | 889.766900 |
| Ecuador | ECU | 2020 | 814.787400 |
| Ecuador | ECU | 2021 | 984.154540 |
| Egypt | EGY | 2017 | 595.100000 |
| Egypt | EGY | 2018 | 684.900000 |
| Egypt | EGY | 2019 | 1025.601400 |
| Egypt | EGY | 2020 | 1239.994800 |
| Egypt | EGY | 2021 | 1369.136800 |
| El Salvador | SLV | 2017 | 890.800000 |
| El Salvador | SLV | 2018 | 922.200000 |
| El Salvador | SLV | 2019 | 839.159550 |
| El Salvador | SLV | 2020 | 742.206540 |
| El Salvador | SLV | 2021 | 1034.889600 |
| Estonia | EST | 2017 | 2069.700000 |
| Estonia | EST | 2018 | 2317.700000 |
| Estonia | EST | 2019 | 2075.140100 |
| Estonia | EST | 2020 | 2199.599400 |
| Estonia | EST | 2021 | 2621.398700 |
| Ethiopia | ETH | 2017 | 254.900000 |
| Ethiopia | ETH | 2018 | 257.400000 |
| Ethiopia | ETH | 2019 | 174.161060 |
| Ethiopia | ETH | 2020 | 233.756940 |
| Ethiopia | ETH | 2021 | 244.731250 |
| Finland | FIN | 2017 | 2736.700000 |
| Finland | FIN | 2018 | 2908.700000 |
| Finland | FIN | 2019 | 2563.415800 |
| Finland | FIN | 2020 | 2809.491700 |
| Finland | FIN | 2021 | 3137.761500 |
| France | FRA | 2017 | 2786.400000 |
| France | FRA | 2018 | 2983.400000 |
| France | FRA | 2019 | 2658.652800 |
| France | FRA | 2020 | 2846.276400 |
| France | FRA | 2021 | 3234.394000 |
| Georgia | GEO | 2017 | 876.900000 |
| Georgia | GEO | 2018 | 922.500000 |
| Georgia | GEO | 2019 | 1001.722200 |
| Georgia | GEO | 2020 | 1138.663000 |
| Georgia | GEO | 2021 | 1388.446900 |
| Germany | DEU | 2017 | 2379.600000 |
| Germany | DEU | 2018 | 2562.900000 |
| Germany | DEU | 2019 | 2267.840000 |
| Germany | DEU | 2020 | 2317.748800 |
| Germany | DEU | 2021 | 2897.040800 |
| Ghana | GHA | 2017 | 576.800000 |
| Ghana | GHA | 2018 | 627.000000 |
| Ghana | GHA | 2019 | 505.218300 |
| Ghana | GHA | 2020 | 566.204830 |
| Ghana | GHA | 2021 | 648.253850 |
| Greece | GRC | 2017 | 2333.400000 |
| Greece | GRC | 2018 | 2510.600000 |
| Greece | GRC | 2019 | 2111.105200 |
| Greece | GRC | 2020 | 2325.740200 |
| Greece | GRC | 2021 | 2489.987300 |
| Guatemala | GTM | 2017 | 1601.900000 |
| Guatemala | GTM | 2018 | 1662.500000 |
| Guatemala | GTM | 2019 | 1386.825400 |
| Guatemala | GTM | 2020 | 1365.013700 |
| Guatemala | GTM | 2021 | 1484.966200 |
| Honduras | HND | 2017 | 614.300000 |
| Honduras | HND | 2018 | 645.900000 |
| Honduras | HND | 2019 | 507.023770 |
| Honduras | HND | 2020 | 477.035600 |
| Honduras | HND | 2021 | 712.101900 |
| Hong Kong | HKG | 2017 | 4635.200000 |
| Hong Kong | HKG | 2018 | 5002.200000 |
| Hong Kong | HKG | 2019 | 4318.867700 |
| Hong Kong | HKG | 2020 | 4181.516600 |
| Hong Kong | HKG | 2021 | 3671.544700 |
| Hungary | HUN | 2017 | 1306.800000 |
| Hungary | HUN | 2018 | 1449.400000 |
| Hungary | HUN | 2019 | 1170.920500 |
| Hungary | HUN | 2020 | 1282.081300 |
| Hungary | HUN | 2021 | 1596.845200 |
| India | IND | 2017 | 355.200000 |
| India | IND | 2018 | 372.200000 |
| India | IND | 2019 | 337.504670 |
| India | IND | 2020 | 325.864380 |
| India | IND | 2021 | 446.472170 |
| Indonesia | IDN | 2017 | 693.100000 |
| Indonesia | IDN | 2018 | 696.500000 |
| Indonesia | IDN | 2019 | 700.929260 |
| Indonesia | IDN | 2020 | 693.173300 |
| Indonesia | IDN | 2021 | 799.225040 |
| Iran | IRN | 2017 | 761.400000 |
| Iran | IRN | 2018 | 657.900000 |
| Iran | IRN | 2019 | 846.140750 |
| Iran | IRN | 2020 | 1109.270100 |
| Iran | IRN | 2021 | 2188.112500 |
| Iraq | IRQ | 2017 | 765.400000 |
| Iraq | IRQ | 2018 | 739.500000 |
| Iraq | IRQ | 2019 | 806.431640 |
| Iraq | IRQ | 2020 | 759.771700 |
| Iraq | IRQ | 2021 | 578.282500 |
| Ireland | IRL | 2017 | 1972.900000 |
| Ireland | IRL | 2018 | 2098.700000 |
| Ireland | IRL | 2019 | 1778.837900 |
| Ireland | IRL | 2020 | 1919.040500 |
| Ireland | IRL | 2021 | 2147.791000 |
| Israel | ISR | 2017 | 3501.600000 |
| Israel | ISR | 2018 | 3611.800000 |
| Israel | ISR | 2019 | 3373.918700 |
| Israel | ISR | 2020 | 3008.407000 |
| Israel | ISR | 2021 | 3996.604500 |
| Italy | ITA | 2017 | 2806.600000 |
| Italy | ITA | 2018 | 2986.900000 |
| Italy | ITA | 2019 | 2710.358400 |
| Italy | ITA | 2020 | 2820.447300 |
| Italy | ITA | 2021 | 3168.329300 |
| Japan | JPN | 2017 | 3304.700000 |
| Japan | JPN | 2018 | 3417.500000 |
| Japan | JPN | 2019 | 3116.243400 |
| Japan | JPN | 2020 | 3038.463900 |
| Japan | JPN | 2021 | 3458.905300 |
| Jordan | JOR | 2017 | 1059.900000 |
| Jordan | JOR | 2018 | 1091.100000 |
| Jordan | JOR | 2019 | 790.911600 |
| Jordan | JOR | 2020 | 783.233500 |
| Jordan | JOR | 2021 | 926.489260 |
| Kazakhstan | KAZ | 2017 | 2059.300000 |
| Kazakhstan | KAZ | 2018 | 2144.300000 |
| Kazakhstan | KAZ | 2019 | 2102.314200 |
| Kazakhstan | KAZ | 2020 | 2217.433800 |
| Kazakhstan | KAZ | 2021 | 2554.150100 |
| Kenya | KEN | 2017 | 646.600000 |
| Kenya | KEN | 2018 | 729.400000 |
| Kenya | KEN | 2019 | 782.839230 |
| Kenya | KEN | 2020 | 826.911700 |
| Kenya | KEN | 2021 | 885.381600 |
| Kuwait | KWT | 2017 | 1841.300000 |
| Kuwait | KWT | 2018 | 1910.500000 |
| Kuwait | KWT | 2019 | 1872.881300 |
| Kuwait | KWT | 2020 | 1803.862200 |
| Kuwait | KWT | 2021 | 1535.481000 |
| Laos | LAO | 2017 | 831.600000 |
| Laos | LAO | 2018 | 871.400000 |
| Laos | LAO | 2019 | 836.816160 |
| Laos | LAO | 2020 | 867.366400 |
| Laos | LAO | 2021 | 875.598500 |
| Latvia | LVA | 2017 | 1648.600000 |
| Latvia | LVA | 2018 | 1820.800000 |
| Latvia | LVA | 2019 | 1764.890600 |
| Latvia | LVA | 2020 | 1816.655300 |
| Latvia | LVA | 2021 | 2171.172900 |
| Lebanon | LBN | 2017 | 1655.200000 |
| Lebanon | LBN | 2018 | 1796.300000 |
| Lebanon | LBN | 2019 | 248.769270 |
| Lebanon | LBN | 2020 | 364.267330 |
| Lebanon | LBN | 2021 | 602.093600 |
| Lithuania | LTU | 2017 | 2269.200000 |
| Lithuania | LTU | 2018 | 2521.100000 |
| Lithuania | LTU | 2019 | 2251.408400 |
| Lithuania | LTU | 2020 | 2692.436500 |
| Lithuania | LTU | 2021 | 2885.609000 |
| Malaysia | MYS | 2017 | 1224.600000 |
| Malaysia | MYS | 2018 | 1410.700000 |
| Malaysia | MYS | 2019 | 1443.270800 |
| Malaysia | MYS | 2020 | 1526.127300 |
| Malaysia | MYS | 2021 | 1736.908200 |
| Mexico | MEX | 2017 | 1452.900000 |
| Mexico | MEX | 2018 | 1499.900000 |
| Mexico | MEX | 2019 | 1325.996000 |
| Mexico | MEX | 2020 | 1361.807600 |
| Mexico | MEX | 2021 | 1754.417400 |
| Montenegro | MNE | 2017 | 1592.000000 |
| Montenegro | MNE | 2018 | 1763.900000 |
| Montenegro | MNE | 2019 | 1873.340100 |
| Montenegro | MNE | 2020 | 1922.236700 |
| Montenegro | MNE | 2021 | 2077.217500 |
| Morocco | MAR | 2017 | 647.900000 |
| Morocco | MAR | 2018 | 693.300000 |
| Morocco | MAR | 2019 | 653.061400 |
| Morocco | MAR | 2020 | 601.073200 |
| Morocco | MAR | 2021 | 741.122300 |
| Myanmar | MMR | 2017 | 437.800000 |
| Myanmar | MMR | 2018 | 466.700000 |
| Myanmar | MMR | 2019 | 490.219020 |
| Myanmar | MMR | 2020 | 513.435000 |
| Myanmar | MMR | 2021 | 501.601400 |
| Netherlands | NLD | 2017 | 2416.500000 |
| Netherlands | NLD | 2018 | 2621.000000 |
| Netherlands | NLD | 2019 | 2404.728800 |
| Netherlands | NLD | 2020 | 2481.732000 |
| Netherlands | NLD | 2021 | 2933.042200 |
| New Zealand | NZL | 2017 | 3286.900000 |
| New Zealand | NZL | 2018 | 3277.800000 |
| New Zealand | NZL | 2019 | 3137.819000 |
| New Zealand | NZL | 2020 | 3241.865000 |
| New Zealand | NZL | 2021 | 3483.367000 |
| Nigeria | NGA | 2017 | 920.200000 |
| Nigeria | NGA | 2018 | 1016.900000 |
| Nigeria | NGA | 2019 | 850.267900 |
| Nigeria | NGA | 2020 | 818.392330 |
| Nigeria | NGA | 2021 | 748.615500 |
| North Macedonia | MKD | 2017 | 1113.600000 |
| North Macedonia | MKD | 2018 | 1218.900000 |
| North Macedonia | MKD | 2019 | 1212.836900 |
| North Macedonia | MKD | 2020 | 1185.875900 |
| North Macedonia | MKD | 2021 | 1659.675000 |
| Norway | NOR | 2017 | 3576.500000 |
| Norway | NOR | 2018 | 3726.500000 |
| Norway | NOR | 2019 | 2814.148400 |
| Norway | NOR | 2020 | 2733.538300 |
| Norway | NOR | 2021 | 4093.419000 |
| Oman | OMN | 2017 | 1336.600000 |
| Oman | OMN | 2018 | 1329.100000 |
| Oman | OMN | 2019 | 1300.364300 |
| Oman | OMN | 2020 | 1348.049200 |
| Oman | OMN | 2021 | 1464.627100 |
| Pakistan | PAK | 2017 | 495.600000 |
| Pakistan | PAK | 2018 | 453.900000 |
| Pakistan | PAK | 2019 | 324.497100 |
| Pakistan | PAK | 2020 | 364.323730 |
| Pakistan | PAK | 2021 | 383.906830 |
| Panama | PAN | 2017 | 1378.300000 |
| Panama | PAN | 2018 | 1405.800000 |
| Panama | PAN | 2019 | 1230.877900 |
| Panama | PAN | 2020 | 1037.313500 |
| Panama | PAN | 2021 | 1244.616600 |
| Paraguay | PRY | 2017 | 1176.500000 |
| Paraguay | PRY | 2018 | 1208.300000 |
| Paraguay | PRY | 2019 | 938.792300 |
| Paraguay | PRY | 2020 | 901.070200 |
| Paraguay | PRY | 2021 | 1124.078000 |
| Peru | PER | 2017 | 1156.100000 |
| Peru | PER | 2018 | 1190.100000 |
| Peru | PER | 2019 | 1112.273200 |
| Peru | PER | 2020 | 1020.237800 |
| Peru | PER | 2021 | 1121.078600 |
| Philippines | PHL | 2017 | 916.600000 |
| Philippines | PHL | 2018 | 952.300000 |
| Philippines | PHL | 2019 | 1002.008670 |
| Philippines | PHL | 2020 | 945.543500 |
| Philippines | PHL | 2021 | 995.618100 |
| Poland | POL | 2017 | 1342.900000 |
| Poland | POL | 2018 | 1480.300000 |
| Poland | POL | 2019 | 1301.012000 |
| Poland | POL | 2020 | 1516.381500 |
| Poland | POL | 2021 | 1701.576200 |
| Portugal | PRT | 2017 | 2428.000000 |
| Portugal | PRT | 2018 | 2629.400000 |
| Portugal | PRT | 2019 | 2449.082000 |
| Portugal | PRT | 2020 | 2688.402800 |
| Portugal | PRT | 2021 | 2698.979700 |
| Qatar | QAT | 2017 | 1762.100000 |
| Qatar | QAT | 2018 | 1755.700000 |
| Qatar | QAT | 2019 | 1673.870700 |
| Qatar | QAT | 2020 | 1543.279200 |
| Qatar | QAT | 2021 | 1779.937600 |
| Romania | ROU | 2017 | 1842.300000 |
| Romania | ROU | 2018 | 2040.900000 |
| Romania | ROU | 2019 | 1932.878500 |
| Romania | ROU | 2020 | 2018.295800 |
| Romania | ROU | 2021 | 2262.328900 |
| Russia | RUS | 2017 | 1548.300000 |
| Russia | RUS | 2018 | 1517.000000 |
| Russia | RUS | 2019 | 1283.613600 |
| Russia | RUS | 2020 | 1299.822600 |
| Russia | RUS | 2021 | 1755.338600 |
| Saudi Arabia | SAU | 2017 | 1648.700000 |
| Saudi Arabia | SAU | 2018 | 1689.600000 |
| Saudi Arabia | SAU | 2019 | 1741.504500 |
| Saudi Arabia | SAU | 2020 | 1771.844000 |
| Saudi Arabia | SAU | 2021 | 2054.249500 |
| Serbia | SRB | 2017 | 1076.800000 |
| Serbia | SRB | 2018 | 1225.900000 |
| Serbia | SRB | 2019 | 1046.680000 |
| Serbia | SRB | 2020 | 1143.704700 |
| Serbia | SRB | 2021 | 1418.891400 |
| Singapore | SGP | 2017 | 1443.500000 |
| Singapore | SGP | 2018 | 1503.100000 |
| Singapore | SGP | 2019 | 1385.394800 |
| Singapore | SGP | 2020 | 1385.806900 |
| Singapore | SGP | 2021 | 1893.409200 |
| Slovakia | SVK | 2017 | 1724.800000 |
| Slovakia | SVK | 2018 | 1925.600000 |
| Slovakia | SVK | 2019 | 1757.331000 |
| Slovakia | SVK | 2020 | 1916.908100 |
| Slovakia | SVK | 2021 | 2355.955800 |
| Slovenia | SVN | 2017 | 1896.400000 |
| Slovenia | SVN | 2018 | 2063.300000 |
| Slovenia | SVN | 2019 | 1811.944200 |
| Slovenia | SVN | 2020 | 1828.013200 |
| Slovenia | SVN | 2021 | 2331.823500 |
| South Africa | ZAF | 2017 | 782.600000 |
| South Africa | ZAF | 2018 | 828.100000 |
| South Africa | ZAF | 2019 | 616.808040 |
| South Africa | ZAF | 2020 | 597.011500 |
| South Africa | ZAF | 2021 | 920.866700 |
| South Korea | KOR | 2017 | 1832.100000 |
| South Korea | KOR | 2018 | 1951.400000 |
| South Korea | KOR | 2019 | 1543.989900 |
| South Korea | KOR | 2020 | 1500.866100 |
| South Korea | KOR | 2021 | 1986.039200 |
| Spain | ESP | 2017 | 2059.500000 |
| Spain | ESP | 2018 | 2217.900000 |
| Spain | ESP | 2019 | 2057.658200 |
| Spain | ESP | 2020 | 2158.375500 |
| Spain | ESP | 2021 | 2275.315000 |
| Sri Lanka | LKA | 2017 | 829.100000 |
| Sri Lanka | LKA | 2018 | 822.500000 |
| Sri Lanka | LKA | 2019 | 714.908140 |
| Sri Lanka | LKA | 2020 | 779.899050 |
| Sri Lanka | LKA | 2021 | 780.421900 |
| Sweden | SWE | 2017 | 2878.200000 |
| Sweden | SWE | 2018 | 2893.800000 |
| Sweden | SWE | 2019 | 2588.658000 |
| Sweden | SWE | 2020 | 2601.909200 |
| Sweden | SWE | 2021 | 3268.224600 |
| Switzerland | CHE | 2017 | 3840.000000 |
| Switzerland | CHE | 2018 | 3908.800000 |
| Switzerland | CHE | 2019 | 3662.396700 |
| Switzerland | CHE | 2020 | 3970.205000 |
| Switzerland | CHE | 2021 | 4313.358000 |
| Taiwan | TWN | 2017 | 1791.300000 |
| Taiwan | TWN | 2018 | 1857.800000 |
| Taiwan | TWN | 2019 | 1673.372300 |
| Taiwan | TWN | 2020 | 1658.621100 |
| Taiwan | TWN | 2021 | 1808.974500 |
| Tanzania | TZA | 2017 | 197.800000 |
| Tanzania | TZA | 2018 | 205.800000 |
| Tanzania | TZA | 2019 | 212.171600 |
| Tanzania | TZA | 2020 | 226.049260 |
| Tanzania | TZA | 2021 | 179.847030 |
| Thailand | THA | 2017 | 914.600000 |
| Thailand | THA | 2018 | 1012.100000 |
| Thailand | THA | 2019 | 882.766500 |
| Thailand | THA | 2020 | 966.944100 |
| Thailand | THA | 2021 | 1027.713400 |
| Tunisia | TUN | 2017 | 579.600000 |
| Tunisia | TUN | 2018 | 570.000000 |
| Tunisia | TUN | 2019 | 538.647900 |
| Tunisia | TUN | 2020 | 505.571170 |
| Tunisia | TUN | 2021 | 647.725650 |
| Turkey | TUR | 2017 | 1389.200000 |
| Turkey | TUR | 2018 | 1209.800000 |
| Turkey | TUR | 2019 | 841.153600 |
| Turkey | TUR | 2020 | 971.527040 |
| Turkey | TUR | 2021 | 1478.812900 |
| Turkmenistan | TKM | 2017 | 265.100000 |
| Turkmenistan | TKM | 2018 | 297.500000 |
| Turkmenistan | TKM | 2019 | 300.362670 |
| Turkmenistan | TKM | 2020 | 309.226800 |
| Turkmenistan | TKM | 2021 | 310.052120 |
| Uganda | UGA | 2017 | 202.600000 |
| Uganda | UGA | 2018 | 209.400000 |
| Uganda | UGA | 2019 | 216.249270 |
| Uganda | UGA | 2020 | 218.872240 |
| Uganda | UGA | 2021 | 293.400570 |
| Ukraine | UKR | 2017 | 715.600000 |
| Ukraine | UKR | 2018 | 857.600000 |
| Ukraine | UKR | 2019 | 874.298400 |
| Ukraine | UKR | 2020 | 963.730700 |
| Ukraine | UKR | 2021 | 1292.153900 |
| United Arab Emirates | ARE | 2017 | 1889.400000 |
| United Arab Emirates | ARE | 2018 | 1954.900000 |
| United Arab Emirates | ARE | 2019 | 2003.570000 |
| United Arab Emirates | ARE | 2020 | 1962.914200 |
| United Arab Emirates | ARE | 2021 | 1961.736000 |
| United Kingdom | GBR | 2017 | 2038.200000 |
| United Kingdom | GBR | 2018 | 2168.200000 |
| United Kingdom | GBR | 2019 | 1831.617400 |
| United Kingdom | GBR | 2020 | 1951.078200 |
| United Kingdom | GBR | 2021 | 2417.754200 |
| United States | USA | 2017 | 2548.300000 |
| United States | USA | 2018 | 2626.200000 |
| United States | USA | 2019 | 2356.820300 |
| United States | USA | 2020 | 2595.575200 |
| United States | USA | 2021 | 3070.234000 |
| Uruguay | URY | 2017 | 2187.200000 |
| Uruguay | URY | 2018 | 2212.100000 |
| Uruguay | URY | 2019 | 1526.631000 |
| Uruguay | URY | 2020 | 1587.578100 |
| Uruguay | URY | 2021 | 1950.606600 |
| Uzbekistan | UZB | 2017 | 242.800000 |
| Uzbekistan | UZB | 2018 | 186.800000 |
| Uzbekistan | UZB | 2019 | 233.782600 |
| Uzbekistan | UZB | 2020 | 264.329620 |
| Uzbekistan | UZB | 2021 | 483.401820 |
| Venezuela | VEN | 2017 | 288.600000 |
| Venezuela | VEN | 2018 | 95.400000 |
| Venezuela | VEN | 2019 | 1.608189 |
| Venezuela | VEN | 2020 | 27.339750 |
| Venezuela | VEN | 2021 | 46.672245 |
| Vietnam | VNM | 2017 | 643.700000 |
| Vietnam | VNM | 2018 | 692.100000 |
| Vietnam | VNM | 2019 | 509.348600 |
| Vietnam | VNM | 2020 | 533.453550 |
| Vietnam | VNM | 2021 | 563.152340 |
Αρχικά συλλέγουμε τα στοιχεία για το 2021 από το ένα και το άλλο αρχείο, με τον τρόπο που μάθαμε Επιλογή στοιχείων πίνακα. Οπότε γράφουμε:
kostos2021 <- costHealthyDiet[costHealthyDiet$Year == 2021, ]
kost2021 <- kostos2021$Cost.of.a.healthy.diet
fagito2021 <- foodExpenditureYear[foodExpenditureYear$Year == 2021, ]
fag2021 <- fagito2021$Total.food.expenditureΑκολούθως κάνουμε τα ιστογράμματα (βλ. ενότητα Ιστόγραμμα) για να οπτικοποιήσουμε τα δεδομένα μας:
Παρατηρούμε ότι το πρώτο ιστόγραμμα είναι λίγο πιο κεντραρισμένο, ενώ το δεύτερο θα λέγαμε ότι έχει μαζευτεί προς τ’ αριστερά. Αυτό σημαίνει ότι οι περισσότερες χώρες ξοδεύουν λίγα χρήματα ετησίως για φαγητό (ίσως επειδή δεν μπορούν, ίσως κι επειδή δεν έχουν), ενώ από την άλλη το κόστος του υγιεινού φαγητού είναι σχεδόν συμμετρικά απλωμένο γύρω από το μέσο κόστος. Πώς όμως θα μπορούσαμε να διαγνώσουμε αυτή τη συμμετρία και την ασυμμετρία χωρίς το ιστόγραμμα; Αυτή τη δουλειά την κάνει ο συντελεστής ασυμμετρίας του Pearson. Ας δούμε πώς μας βοηθάει να σχηματίσουμε άποψη:
– Όσο εγγύτερα είναι ο συντελεστής ασυμμετρίας του Pearson στο 0, τόσο περισσότερο οι τιμές είναι συμμετρικά κατανεμημένες γύρω από τη μέση τιμή.
– Αρνητικός συντελεστής ασυμμετρίας του Pearson σημαίνει ότι οι περισσότερες τιμές θα είναι μαζεμένες στα δεξιά και θα υπάρχει μια «ουρά» από σπάνιες τιμές στα αριστερά.
– Θετικός συντελεστής ασυμμετρίας του Pearson σημαίνει ότι οι περισσότερες τιμές θα είναι μαζεμένες στα αριστερά και θα υπάρχει μια «ουρά» από σπάνιες τιμές στα δεξιά.
Πιο συγκεκριμένα, θεωρούμε ότι κοντά στο 0 είναι οι τιμές ±0.5, ±0.4, ±0.3, ±0.2, ±0.1 και, φυσικά, το 0. Αν τύχει κάποια από αυτές, τότε οι μετρήσεις μας έχουν συμμετρία. Διαφορετικά θα έχουν την ασυμμετρία που δηλώνει το πρόσημο και μάλιστα τόσο εντονότερη όσο περισσότερο απόμακρος είναι απ’ το 0 ο εν λόγω συντελεστής.
Στο σημείο αυτό θα πρέπει να επισημάνουμε ότι υπάρχουν διάφοροι
συντελεστές ασυμμετρίας. Του Pearson, μάλιστα, είναι δύο. Όμως, αυτός
για τον οποίο ισχύουν αυτά που είπαμε στην προηγούμενη παράγραφο είναι
ένας συγκεκριμένος συντελεστής, που ή δεν υπάρχει διαθέσιμος στην R ή ο
γράφων δεν τον έχει βρει. Έτσι, για να υπολογίσουμε τώρα στην R τον
συντελεστή ασυμμετρίας του Pearson θα κατασκευάσουμε μια συνάρτηση
ονόματι asimetriaP:
Ακολούθως, για να υπολογίσουμε του συντελεστές που θέλαμε, γράφουμε:
## [1] 0.4683039## [1] 0.5745134Οπότε μάς εξάγονται οι τιμές 0.4683039 και 0.5745134 αντίστοιχα, πράγμα που επιβεβαιώνει αυτά που διαπιστώναμε με τα μάτια μας από τα ιστογράμματα.
2 Γραφήματα
2.1 Ιστόγραμμα με θηκόγραμμα
Είδαμε στην προηγούμενη ενότητα ότι το ιστόγραμμα είναι μια καλή
αφετηρία, για να δούμε γραφικά την ασυμμετρία που μπορεί να έχει ένα
σύνολο δεδομένων. Θα ήταν πολύ πιο χρήσιμο, αν μαζί με αυτό υπήρχε κι
ένα θηκόγραμμα (βλ. υποενότητα Θηκόγραμμα),
που να δείχνει πού είναι συγκεντρωμένη η μεγάλη μάζα των δεδομένων. Προς
τούτο θα χρειαστούμε το πακέτο packHV, οπότε γράφουμε:
## Loading required package: packHV## Loading required package: survival##
## Attaching package: 'packHV'## The following object is masked from 'package:rstatix':
##
## descΑκολούθως, για να σχηματίσουμε να επιθυμητά ιστογράμματα-θηκογράμματα, γράφουμε:
Παρατηρώντας τα απομονωμένα σημεία (βλ. υποενότητα Απομονωμένα σημεία) αλλά και την όχι κεντραρισμένη γραμμή της διαμέσου (βλ.ενότητα Διάμεσος) βλέπουμε λιγάκι πιο καθαρά τώρα ότι τα ημερήσια κόστη είναι σχεδόν συμμετρικά κατανεμημένα γύρω από τη μέση τιμή, αλλά στην πραγματικότητα όχι τόσο, όσο πιστεύαμε ενδεχομένως μόνο από το ιστόγραμμα. Στα δε ετήσια κόστη φαίνεται η ασυμμετρία ακόμα καθαρότερα παρατηρώντας από το θηκόγραμμα ότι το κεντρικό 50% των δεδομένων μας βρίσκεται κοντά στις μικρές τιμές.
2.2 Γράφημα ασυμμετρίας
Η αλήθεια είναι ότι ένα νούμερο δεν μπορεί να αποτυπώσει αξιόπιστα την όποια ασυμμετρία. Εξ ου και υπάρχουν διάφοροι συντελεστές ασυμμετρίας. Εξ ου και ανατρέχουμε στα γραφήματα. Ένα γράφημα φτιαγμένο γι’ αυτήν ακριβώς τη δουλειά είναι το γράφημα ασυμμετρίας. Το εν λόγω γράφημα αντιστοιχεί:
τη μέγιστη απόσταση από τη διάμεσο των στοιχείων που είναι μικρότερα αυτής, στη μέγιστη απόσταση από τη διάμεσο των στοιχείων που είναι μεγαλύτερα αυτής,
την αμέσως επόμενη σε μέγεθος απόσταση από τη διάμεσο των στοιχείων που είναι μικρότερα αυτής, στην αμέσως επόμενη σε μέγεθος απόσταση από τη διάμεσο των στοιχείων που είναι μεγαλύτερα αυτής,
κ.ο.κ.
Το γράφημα ασυμμετρίας μοιάζει πολύ με το γράφημα Q-Q, που θα δούμε πιο μετά, αλλά δεν είναι το ίδιο. Αυτό είναι εξειδικευμένο στο να ανιχνεύει τη συμμετρία, ενώ το Q-Q στο να ανιχνεύει αποκλίσεις από την κανονική ή άλλες κατανομές. Πάντως, και σ’ αυτή την περίπτωση, το «κλειδί» είναι να είναι το γράφημα σχεδόν ευθεία γραμμή. Άπαξ και είναι ευθεία γραμμή, τα δεδομένα μας είναι συμμετρικά.
Δυστυχώς, δεν υπάρχει έτοιμη συνάρτηση γι’ αυτό το σκοπό στην , οπότε
θα φτιάξουμε εμείς μία, την graf_symmetrias:
graf_symmetrias <- function(x) {
n = length(x)
n2 = n %/% 2
sx = sort(x)
mx = median(x)
plot(mx - sx[1:n2], rev(sx)[1:n2] - mx,
xlab = "Distance Below Median",
ylab = "Distance Above Median")
abline(a = 0, b = 1, lty = "dotted")
}Και ας δρούμε πώς αυτή δρα στις διάφορες περιπτώσεις συμμετρίας ή ασυμμετρίας.
Επιστρέφουμε στο παράδειγμά μας και γράφουμε:
Παρατηρούμε πλέον καθαρά ότι δεν έχει συμμετρία κανένα από τα δύο σύνολα δεδομένων. Και πάλι, βέβαια, φαίνεται να είναι τα ημερήσια κόστη λίγο πιο κοντά στο να είναι συμμετρικά σε σχέση με ετήσια έξοδα, αλλά όπως και να ’χει η απόκλιση από τη συμμετρία είναι ηλίου φαεινότερη και στα δύο.
Όλος ο κώδικας είναι ο παρακάτω:
rm(list = ls())
kostos2021 <- costHealthyDiet[costHealthyDiet$Year == 2021, ]
kost2021 <- kostos2021$`Cost of a healthy diet`
fagito2021 <- foodExpenditureYear[foodExpenditureYear$Year == 2021, ]
fag2021 <- fagito2021$`Total food expenditure`
hist(kost2021)
hist(fag2021)
asimetriaP <- function(v){
3*(mean(v)-median(v))/sd(v)
}
asimetriaP(kost2021)
asimetriaP(fag2021)
if(!require(packHV)){
install.packages("packHV")
library(packHV)
}
hist_boxplot(kost2021)
hist_boxplot(fag2021)
graf_symmetrias <- function(x) {
n = length(x)
n2 = n %/% 2
sx = sort(x)
mx = median(x)
plot(mx - sx[1:n2], rev(sx)[1:n2] - mx,
xlab = "Distance Below Median",
ylab = "Distance Above Median")
abline(a = 0, b = 1, lty = "dotted")
}
graf_symmetrias(kost2021)
graf_symmetrias(fag2021)